Key insights
- Soaring inflation, evidenced by high CPI and PPI readings, coupled with rising oil prices due to geopolitical tensions in the Strait of Hormuz, suggests the Federal Reserve may need to resume interest rate hikes. This shift from recent cuts could significantly pressure corporate earnings and derail the current stock market bull run, as higher rates historically act as a headwind for equities. The market faces uncertainty as oil production recovery lags, potentially keeping inflation elevated.
The Consumer Price Index (CPI), a measure of inflation, came in at an annualized rate of 3.8% in April, nearly twice the Federal Reserve's 2% target. To make matters worse, the Producer Price Index (PPI) increased even faster, suggesting there is more inflation on the business side that could be passed on to consumers in the coming months.
May 2023 was the last time the CPI was this high, and the Fed was raising the federal funds rate (overnight interest rate) to bring it under control. The S&P 500 index was in the throes of a bear market at the time, because rising interest rates are a significant headwind for corporate earnings.
After six interest rate cuts since September 2024, Wall Street is now predicting the Fed's next move will be a hike. Could this derail the current bull market in stocks?
Rising oil prices are the key driver of inflation right now. Following an attack on its territory by the U.S. back in February, Iran closed the critical Strait of Hormuz waterway, through which 25% of the world's seaborne oil supply transits each day. This sparked fears of a global oil shortage and sent the price of West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude soaring to around $120 per barrel, more than double its opening price at the start of 2026.
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Fortunately, the U.S. and Iran have agreed to a ceasefire while they negotiate a long-term peace deal, so tensions have eased. But a barrel of WTI still trades at an elevated price of $89, because according to a report by the International Energy Agency, it could take several months for Middle Eastern oil producers to ramp production up to prewar levels.
That doesn't bode well for the inflation outlook, because oil prices influence the cost of every product that travels by truck, plane, or boat. Therefore, consumers are facing higher prices not only at the gas pump, but also at the grocery store and at the mall.
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In fact, the PPI came in at an annualized rate of 6% in April, with the energy component soaring by 22.7%. If businesses continue passing those cost increases on to consumers, then April's CPI reading of 3.8% might be tame compared to what lies ahead in the next few months.
Keeping inflation at around 2% each year is one of the Fed's primary objectives, so conventional wisdom suggests it should be lifting interest rates right now. According to the CME Group's FedWatch tool, which calculates the probability of interest rate moves based on activity in the 30-Day Fed Funds futures market, Wall Street is expecting at least one rate hike by January 2027. However, there might be more hikes in the pipeline if oil remains elevated into the new year.
Higher interest rates often squeeze household budgets because consumers are forced to allocate more money to mortgages and other debts, leaving them with less money to spend on discretionary goods. That alone is bad for corporate earnings, but higher rates also increase the cost of credit for businesses, which directly affects their bottom line.
The Fed's last campaign to hike interest rates started in March 2022 and ended in August 2023. During that period, the S&P 500 plunged by more than 20%, the technical definition of a bear market. The index has since more than doubled from its low point, which highlights the advantages of long-term investing, but its elevated valuation poses a significant risk to investors right now.
The S&P currently trades at a cyclically adjusted price-to-earnings ratio of 39.5, making this the second-most expensive stock market in history, behind only the dot-com bubble of the early 2000s.
Since investors are paying such a steep premium for earnings right now, any external shock that reduces overall corporate profits could spark a very sharp correction. Based on recent history alone, rising interest rates could certainly be the trigger.
To end on a positive note, it's important to remember that the S&P 500 has overcome every sell-off, correction, and bear market since its inception, so any weakness from here could be a great buying opportunity for long-term investors.